Historia de la anticoncepción e historia oral, una revisión bibliográfica / Oral history of contraception: A review

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La producción científica biomédica sobre transexualidad en España: análisis bibliométrico y de contenido (1973-2011) / Scientific output on transsexuality in the Spanish biomedical literature: bibliometric and content analyses (1973-2011)

Objetivo: Explorar la evolución del conocimiento científico sobre transexualidad durante los últimos 40 años, a través de un análisis bibliométrico y de contenido de la producción de la literatura biomédica española sobre la transexualidad entre los años 1973 y 2011. Método: Descriptivo y transversal. Universo: artículos biomédicos españoles sobre transexualidad publicados entre 1973 y 2011. Fuente: Índice Médico Español e ISOC-Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Análisis: bibliométrico y de contenido de las publicaciones biomédicas. Resultados: 65 artículos biomédicos analizados. Entre 1973 y 1984, en España, el conocimiento sobre transexualidad se produce y circula en revistas médicas. En 1996 se inicia una década de gran productividad, y en los años siguientes el número de revistas que publican sobre transexualidad se multiplica. Hasta 2006, año de mayor productividad biomédica, los discursos biomédicos reproducen representaciones de la transexualidad ancladas en el determinismo biológico. En el período 2008-2011, los y las profesionales incorporan teorías feministas y perspectivas sociales en sus discursos. Conclusiones: En el último cuarto del siglo xx, el discurso médico dominante ha considerado las manifestaciones de las personas transexuales desde una perspectiva biologicista que concibe la transexualidad como un error de correspondencia sexo/género. En los últimos años, la aparición de nuevas categorías de identidad y la reflexión desde posturas no esencialistas y normativas del género favorece la gestión clínica de la transexualidad (AU)

Objective: To explore the scientific output on transsexuality in the Spanish biomedical literature between 1973 and 2011, through bibliometric and content analyses. Methods: We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study of Spanish biomedical articles on transsexuality published between 1973 and 2011. The data sources consisted of Índice Médico Español and ISOC-Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Bibliometric and content analyses were performed. Results: A total of 65 papers were analyzed. Knowledge on transsexuality in Spain began to appear in medical journals between 1973 and 1984. A decade of intense productivity began in 1996 and the number of journals publishing articles on transsexuality multiplied in the following years. Until 2006, the year with the most biomedical productivity, biomedical discourses reproduced representations of transsexuality anchored in biological determinism. From 2008-2011, professionals writing on the topic incorporated feminist theories and social perspectives in their discourses. Conclusions: In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the dominant medical discourse considered manifestations of transsexual people from a biologist perspective that conceives transsexuality as a configuration mismatch between sex and gender. The emergence of new identity categories and medical reflection from non-essentialist and non-normative gender perspectives has improved the clinical management of transsexuality (AU)

"Pregnancy and labour cause more deaths than oral contraceptives": The debate on the pill in the Spanish press in the 1960s and 1970s.

From 1941 to 1978, Franco's regime in Spain banned all contraceptive methods. The pill started circulating in Spain from the 1960s, officially as a drug used in gynaecological therapy. However, in the following decade it was also increasingly used and prescribed as a contraceptive. This paper analyses debates about the contraceptive pill in the Spanish daily newspaper ABC and in two magazines, Blanco y Negro and Triunfo, in the 1960s and 1970s. It concludes that the debate on this contraceptive method was much more heterogeneous than might be expected given the Catholic-conservative character of the dictatorship. The daily press focused on the adverse effects of the drug and magazines concentrated on the ethical and religious aspects of the pill and discussed it in a generally positive light. Male doctors and Catholic authors dominated the debate.

[Scientific output on transsexuality in the Spanish biomedical literature: bibliometric and content analyses (1973-2011)]. / La producción científica biomédica sobre transexualidad en España: análisis bibliométrico y de contenido (1973-2011).

OBJECTIVE: To explore the scientific output on transsexuality in the Spanish biomedical literature between 1973 and 2011, through bibliometric and content analyses. METHODS: We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study of Spanish biomedical articles on transsexuality published between 1973 and 2011. The data sources consisted of Índice Médico Español and ISOC-Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Bibliometric and content analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 65 papers were analyzed. Knowledge on transsexuality in Spain began to appear in medical journals between 1973 and 1984. A decade of intense productivity began in 1996 and the number of journals publishing articles on transsexuality multiplied in the following years. Until 2006, the year with the most biomedical productivity, biomedical discourses reproduced representations of transsexuality anchored in biological determinism. From 2008-2011, professionals writing on the topic incorporated feminist theories and social perspectives in their discourses. CONCLUSIONS: In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the dominant medical discourse considered manifestations of transsexual people from a biologist perspective that conceives transsexuality as a configuration mismatch between sex and gender. The emergence of new identity categories and medical reflection from non-essentialist and non-normative gender perspectives has improved the clinical management of transsexuality.

[Gender and career paths of female primary care physicians in Andalusia, Spain, at the beginning of 21st century]. / Género y trayectorias profesionales de las médicas de familia en Andalucía, España, a comienzos del siglo XXI.

The purpose of this article was to study, from a feminist perspective, the diversity and homogeneity in the career paths of female primary care physicians from Andalusia, Spain in the early 21st century, by analyzing the meanings they give to their careers and the influence of personal, family and professional factors. We conducted a qualitative study with six discussion groups. Thirty-two female primary care physicians working in urban health centers of the public health system of Andalusia participated in the study. The discourse analysis revealed that most of the female physicians did not plan for professional goals and, when they did plan for them, the goals were intertwined with family needs. Consequently, their career paths were discontinuous. In contrast, career paths oriented towards professional development and the conscious planning of goals were more common among the female doctors acting as directors of health care centers.

Género y trayectorias profesionales de las médicas de familia en Andalucía, España, a comienzos del siglo XXI / Gender and career paths of female primary care physicians in Andalusia, Spain, at the beginning of 21st century

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar, desde una perspectiva feminista, la diversidad y homogeneidad en las trayectorias profesionales de las médicas de familia que ejercían en Andalucía a comienzos del siglo XXI, a través del análisis de los significados que ellas mismas confieren a su desarrollo profesional y de la influencia de los factores personales, familiares y laborales. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo con seis grupos de discusión. Participaron 32 médicas de familia que se encontraban trabajando en los centros de salud urbanos de la red sanitaria pública de Andalucía. El análisis del discurso revela que la mayoría de las médicas no planifican sus metas profesionales y que, cuando lo hacen, las van entrelazando con las necesidades familiares. Esto se traduce en que sus trayectorias profesionales sean discontinuas. Por el contrario, las trayectorias orientadas al desarrollo profesional y a la planificación consciente de metas son más frecuentes entre las médicas que ocupan cargos de dirección en centros de salud.

The purpose of this article was to study, from a feminist perspective, the diversity and homogeneity in the career paths of female primary care physicians from Andalusia, Spain in the early 21st century, by analyzing the meanings they give to their careers and the influence of personal, family and professional factors. We conducted a qualitative study with six discussion groups. Thirty-two female primary care physicians working in urban health centers of the public health system of Andalusia participated in the study. The discourse analysis revealed that most of the female physicians did not plan for professional goals and, when they did plan for them, the goals were intertwined with family needs. Consequently, their career paths were discontinuous. In contrast, career paths oriented towards professional development and the conscious planning of goals were more common among the female doctors acting as directors of health care centers.

Género y trayectorias profesionales de las médicas de familia en Andalucía, España, a comienzos del siglo XXI / Gender and career paths of female primary care physicians in Andalusia, Spain, at the beginning of 21st century

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar, desde una perspectiva feminista, la diversidad y homogeneidad en las trayectorias profesionales de las médicas de familia que ejercían en Andalucía a comienzos del siglo XXI, a través del análisis de los significados que ellas mismas confieren a su desarrollo profesional y de la influencia de los factores personales, familiares y laborales. Realizamos un estudio cualitativo con seis grupos de discusión. Participaron 32 médicas de familia que se encontraban trabajando en los centros de salud urbanos de la red sanitaria pública de Andalucía. El análisis del discurso revela que la mayoría de las médicas no planifican sus metas profesionales y que, cuando lo hacen, las van entrelazando con las necesidades familiares. Esto se traduce en que sus trayectorias profesionales sean discontinuas. Por el contrario, las trayectorias orientadas al desarrollo profesional y a la planificación consciente de metas son más frecuentes entre las médicas que ocupan cargos de dirección en centros de salud.(AU)

The purpose of this article was to study, from a feminist perspective, the diversity and homogeneity in the career paths of female primary care physicians from Andalusia, Spain in the early 21st century, by analyzing the meanings they give to their careers and the influence of personal, family and professional factors. We conducted a qualitative study with six discussion groups. Thirty-two female primary care physicians working in urban health centers of the public health system of Andalusia participated in the study. The discourse analysis revealed that most of the female physicians did not plan for professional goals and, when they did plan for them, the goals were intertwined with family needs. Consequently, their career paths were discontinuous. In contrast, career paths oriented towards professional development and the conscious planning of goals were more common among the female doctors acting as directors of health care centers.(AU)

Género y trayectorias profesionales de las médicas de familia en Andalucía, España, a comienzos del siglo XXI. / [Gender and career paths of female primary care physicians in Andalusia, Spain, at the beginning of 21st century].

The purpose of this article was to study, from a feminist perspective, the diversity and homogeneity in the career paths of female primary care physicians from Andalusia, Spain in the early 21st century, by analyzing the meanings they give to their careers and the influence of personal, family and professional factors. We conducted a qualitative study with six discussion groups. Thirty-two female primary care physicians working in urban health centers of the public health system of Andalusia participated in the study. The discourse analysis revealed that most of the female physicians did not plan for professional goals and, when they did plan for them, the goals were intertwined with family needs. Consequently, their career paths were discontinuous. In contrast, career paths oriented towards professional development and the conscious planning of goals were more common among the female doctors acting as directors of health care centers.

[Gender differences in the perception of professional achievement in family medicine, Spain]. / Diferencias de género en la percepción del logro profesional en especialistas de medicina familiar y comunitaria.

BACKGROUND: The concept of achievement is important to study the professional development. In medicine there are gender inequalities in career. The purpose was to know and compare the professional achievement's perceptions and attributions of female and male primary care physicians in Andalusia. METHOD: Qualitative study with 12 focus groups (October 2009 to November 2010). POPULATION: primary care physicians. SAMPLE: intentionally segmented by age, sex and health care management. Were conducted by sex: two groups with young physicians, two groups with middle aged and two with health care management. TOTAL: 32 female physician and 33 male physicians. Qualitative content analysis with Nuddist Vivo. RESULTS: Female and male physicians agree to perceive internal achievements and to consider aspects inherent to the profession as external achievements. The most important difference is that female physician related professional achievement with affective bond and male physician with institutional merit. Internal attributions are more important for female physician who also highlight the importance of family, the organization of working time and work-family balance. Patients, continuing education, institutional resources and computer system are the most important attributions for male physician. CONCLUSIONS: There are similarities and differences between female and male physicians both in the understanding and the attributions of achievement. The differences are explained by the gender system. The perception of achievement of the female physicians questions the dominant professional culture and incorporates new values in defining achievement. The attributions reflect the unequal impact of family and organizational variables and suggest that the female physicians would be changing gender socialization.

Diferencias de género en la percepción del logro profesional en especialistas de medicina familiar y comunitaria / Gender differences in the perception of professional achievement in family medicine, Spain

Fundamentos: El concepto de logro es clave para estudiar el desarrollo profesional. En medicina existen desigualdades de género en la carrera profesional. El objetivo fue conocer y comparar la percepción de resultados y atribuciones de logro en médicas y médicos de familia de Andalucía. Método: Estudio cualitativo con 12 grupos de discusión. Población: médicas y médicos de familia que trabajan en atención primaria. Muestra: intencional segmentada por edad, sexo y ocupación de la dirección del centro de salud. Realizamos por sexo: dos grupos de jóvenes, dos grupos de mayores y dos de directores/as; total 32 médicas y 33 médicos. Análisis de contenido. Resultados: Médicas y médicos perciben de igual modo los logros internos y coinciden en considerar como logros externos aspectos inherentes a la profesión. La diferencia más importante es que las médicas relacionan el logro con los vínculos afectivos y los médicos con méritos institucionales. Para las médicas las atribuciones internas son más importantes y destacan la importancia de la familia, la organización de la jornada laboral y el balance familia- trabajo. Para los médicos las atribuciones más importantes son sus pacientes, la formación continuada, los recursos disponibles y el sistema informático. Conclusiones: Existen similitudes y diferencias entre médicas y médicos en la percepción de logro. Las diferencias se explican por el sistema de género. La percepción de logro de las médicas cuestiona la cultura profesional e incorpora nuevos valores. Las atribuciones reflejan el impacto desigual de variables familiares y organizacionales y apunta a que las médicas estarían modificando rasgos de la socialización de género(AU)

Background: The concept of achievement is important to study the professional development. Inmedicine there are gender inequalities in career. The purpose was to know and compare the professional achievement's perceptions and attributions of female and male primary care physicians inAndalusia. Method: Qualitative study with 12 focus groups (October 2009 to November 2010). Population: primary care physicians. Sample: intentionally segmented by age, sex and health care management. Were conducted by sex: two groups with young physicians, two groups with middle aged and two with health care management. Total: 32 female physician and 33 male physicians. Qualitative content analysis with Nuddist Vivo. Results: Female and male physicians agree to perceive internal achievements and to consider aspects inherent to the profession as external achievements. The most important difference is that female physician related professional achievement with affective bond and male physician with institutional merit. Internal attributions are more important for female physician who also highlight the importance of family, the organization of working time and work-family balance. Patients, continuing education, institutional resources and computer system are the most important attributions for male physician. Conclusions: There are similarities and differences between female and male physicians both in the understanding and the attributions of achievement. The differences are explained by the gender system. The perception of achievement of the female physicians questions the dominant professional culture and incorporates new values in defining achievement. The attributions reflect the unequal impact of family and organizational variables and suggest that the female physicians would be changing gender socialization(AU)

[Social profiles, diet, and prediction of eating disorders in urban andalusian adolescents]. / Perfiles sociales, alimentación y predicción de trastornos de la alimentación en adolescentes urbanos andaluces.

OBJECTIVE: To know the social profile of Andalusian urban adolescents and analyse the similarities and differences they have with those at risk of presenting with eating disorders. DESIGN: Cross-sectional community study. Stratified cluster sampling. SETTING: Public and private education institutions in Andalusian cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants (Sevilla, Malaga, Granada, Cordoba, Cadiz, Huelva, Almeria, Jaen, Algeciras, and Jerez). PARTICIPANTS: Pupils from 12 to 16 years, attending an academic course in the year 2002-2003 (N=1667). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: To compare the results of the sample with adolescents who are at risk of presenting with eating disorders (those who scored more than 20 in the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test [EAT-26]) we used the chi2 test for the nominal variables and the Spearman rho for the interval variables, with a significance level of P=.05. RESULTS: There were no differences between either group as regards family structure, friend relationships, academic performance, and sporting activities. The differences centred on disciplinary practices, the number of friends diagnosed with an eating behavioural disorder, the objectives for practicing sports, and the type of diet that they followed. The subjects who scored highest on the EAT-26 were those who had a higher body mass index and a lower social status. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that diet changes are a response to certain social conditions. It would be speculative to include subjects who obtain high EAT-26 scores in the population at risk of anorexia.

Perfiles sociales, alimentación y predicción de trastornos de la alimentación en adolescentes urbanos andaluces / Social profiles, diet, and prediction of eating disorders in urban andalusian adolescents

Objetivo. Conocer el perfil social de los adolescentes urbanos andaluces y analizar las similitudes y diferencias que muestran con los que están en riesgo de presentar trastornos alimentarios. Diseño. Estudio transversal, comunitario. Muestra estratificada por conglomerados. Emplazamiento. Centros educativos públicos y privados de ciudades andaluzas de más de 100.000 habitantes (Sevilla, Málaga, Granada, Córdoba, Cádiz, Huelva, Almería, Jaén, Algeciras y Jerez). Participantes. Alumnado de 12 a 16 años, escolarizado en el curso académico 2002-2003 (n = 1.667). Mediciones principales. Para comparar los resultados de la muestra con los adolescentes que están en riesgo de presentar trastornos alimentarios (los que puntúan más de 20 en la Escala de Actitud Alimentaria 26 [EAT-26]) utilizamos el test de la χ2 para las variables nominales y la correlación de rho de Spearman para las variables de intervalo, con un nivel de significación de p < 0,05. Resultados. No hay diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos con respecto a la estructura familiar, la relación de amistad, el rendimiento académico y las prácticas deportivas. Las diferencias se centran en las prácticas disciplinarias, el número de amigos y amigas diagnosticados de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, los objetivos para practicar deporte y el tipo de dieta que realizan. Las personas que puntúan más alto en el EAT-26 son las que tienen mayor índice de masa corporal y menor posición social. Conclusiones. Es conveniente contemplar las alteraciones alimentarias como una respuesta a determinadas condiciones sociales. Resulta aventurado considerar como incluidas en población de riesgo de anorexia a las personas que obtienen altas puntuaciones de la EAT-26

Objective. To know the social profile of Andalusian urban adolescents and analyse the similarities and differences they have with those at risk of presenting with eating disorders. Design. Cross-sectional community study. Stratified cluster sampling. Setting. Public and private education institutions in Andalusian cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants (Sevilla, Malaga, Granada, Cordoba, Cadiz, Huelva, Almeria, Jaen, Algeciras, and Jerez). Participants. Pupils from 12 to 16 years, attending an academic course in the year 2002-2003 (N=1667). Main measurements. To compare the results of the sample with adolescents who are at risk of presenting with eating disorders (those who scored more than 20 in the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test [EAT-26]) we used the χ2 test for the nominal variables and the Spearman rho for the interval variables, with a significance level of P=.05. Results. There were no differences between either group as regards family structure, friend relationships, academic performance, and sporting activities. The differences centred on disciplinary practices, the number of friends diagnosed with an eating behavioural disorder, the objectives for practicing sports, and the type of diet that they followed. The subjects who scored highest on the EAT-26 were those who had a higher body mass index and a lower social status. Conclusions. It appears that diet changes are a response to certain social conditions. It would be speculative to include subjects who obtain high EAT-26 scores in the population at risk of anorexia

Fuentes orales e identidades profesionales: las médicas españolas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX / No disponible

En este trabajo se analiza interés y el significado de las fuentes orales para la elaboración de biografías colectivas y relatos prosopográficos y para la historia de las profesiones y la asistencia sanitaria. Se ejemplifica con el estudio de la experiencia profesional de las médicas españolas de la segunda mitad del siglo XX a partir de entrevistas en profundidad

This paper analyses the importance and significance of oral sources for the production of collective biographies and posopographic studies and for the history of the health proffesions and healthcare. As an example, it contains a study of the professional experience of female Spanish doctors in the second half of the 20th century based on in-depth interviews

[Gender, health professions and public health]. / Género, profesiones sanitarias y salud pública.

In this article we review the main results of historical-social research on gender and medical practice, propose a model for applying a gender perspective to the study of healthcare professions, and analyze some current forms of gender bias in Spanish public health societies and publications. The main conclusions indicate: the historic construction of gendered professional identities; the existence of vertical segregation by sex in scientific societies and in journal editorial boards; the existence of androcentric practices in the scientific journals, exemplified by the style of using the initial letter of the authors' first name; the fact that scientific societies do not collect data by sex; the difficulties that all of this implies for quantitative investigations that study the sex variable and adopt a gender perspective; and the need to promote qualitative research on the issue.